Friend or Foe: Militia Intelligence and Ethnic Violence in the Lebanese Civil War

When civil conflicts break out in plural societies, violence often occurs along group divides--running the risk of spiraling into ethnic cleansing. Yet for militants who do not seek ethnic separation as a political goal, indiscriminate attacks are detrimental to their cause. Under what circumstances are such combatants more or less likely to commit ethnic violence?

Nils H gerdal examines the Lebanese civil war to offer a new theory that highlights the interplay of ethnicity and intelligence gathering. He shows that when militias can obtain reliable intelligence--particularly in demographically intermixed areas where information can cross ethnic boundaries--they are likely to refrain from indiscriminate tactics. Access to local intelligence helps armed groups distinguish between neutral and hostile non-coethnics to target individual opponents while leaving civilians in peace. Conversely, when militias struggle to access local information, they often fall back on ethnicity as a proxy for political allegiance, with bloody consequences. As intelligence capabilities shape the course of sectarian strife, the role of ethnicity can vary even within a particular conflict.

H gerdal conducted sixteen months of fieldwork in Lebanon, interviewing former militia fighters and commanders and collecting novel statistical evidence. He combines documentation by government agencies, NGOs, local news media, and the United Nations with firsthand narratives by participants to provide an unparalleled account of the processes that generate violence or coexistence when a diverse society descends into armed conflict. Theoretically innovative and descriptively rich, Friend or Foe sheds new light on the logic and dynamics of ethnic violence in civil wars.

Author: Nils Hägerdal
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Published: 07/06/2021
Pages: 240
Binding Type: Paperback
Weight: 0.75lbs
Size: 8.90h x 5.98w x 0.71d
ISBN: 9780231200653

About the Author
Nils Hägerdal is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Center for Strategic Studies at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.