America's Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power

Less than a year after the United States entered the Second World War, Nicholas Spykman wrote a book that placed the war effort in the broader context of the 1940s global balance of power. In America's Strategy in World Politics, Spykman examined world politics from a realist geopolitical perspective. The United States, he explained, was fighting for its very survival as an independent country because the conquests of Germany and Japan raised the specter of our geopolitical encirclement by hostile forces controlling the power centers of Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. Spykman warned that the United States could not safely retreat to a defensive position in the Western Hemisphere.

Spykman looked beyond the immediate strategic requirements of the Second World War, envisioning a postwar world in which the United States would help shape the global balance of power to meet its security needs. Even though Soviet Russia was our wartime ally, Spykman recognized that a geopolitically unbalanced Soviet Union could threaten to upset the postwar balance of power and thereby endanger U.S. security. Spykman also foresaw the rise of China in postwar Asia, and the likely need for the United States to ally itself with Japan to balance China's power. He also recognized that the Middle East would play a pivotal role in the postwar world.

Spykman influenced American postwar statesmen and strategists. During the Cold War, the U.S. sought to deny the Soviet Union political control of Western Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. Spykman's geopolitical vision of U.S. security, supported by a balanced Eurasian land mass, coupled with his focus on power as the governing force in international relations, makes America's Strategy in World Politics relevant to the twenty-first century.

Francis P. Sempa is the author of Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, and has written introductions to Mahan's The Problem of Asia and The Interest of America in International Conditions and Bullitt's The Great Globe Itself, all available from Transaction. He is an assistant U.S. attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, and an adjunct professor of political science at Wilkes University.

Nicholas J. Spykman was Sterling Professor of International Relations at Yale University in the late 1930s and early 1940s. He also authored The Geography of the Peace and The Social Theory of Georg Simmel, available from Transaction.