The Radical Spanish Empire: How Paperwork Politics Remade the New World

A groundbreaking history of political struggle in the Spanish New World, where commoners and elites alike challenged the social order through the remarkable power of paperwork.

As Spanish conquistadors swept through the New World, the Crown envisioned that a rigidly hierarchical aristocratic order would flourish in their wake. At first, this vision seemed to be within reach: the great conquistadors ruled as noblemen over millions. Yet contrary to all expectations, the Spanish empire in the New World quickly became a hotbed of radical efforts to overturn the emerging order. With the conquistadors in retreat, new enclaves controlled by powerful friars and native lords arose. But they too collapsed, again to the surprise of many.

As Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra and Adrian Masters show, these social orders broke down thanks to the challenges mounted by countless individuals across the Spanish Americas--including non-elite Spanish and Indigenous people, women, and the enslaved. To achieve their goals, they turned not only to outright violence but also to massive amounts of paperwork: petitions, complaints, lawsuits, and secret testimonies. Through this grassroots "lawfare," vassals undercut the emerging seigneurial dynasties of the conquistadors, stripped the friars of theocratic authority, and curtailed the might of native lords. Collectively, they spearheaded movements against tyranny and slavery, proposed and challenged laws, produced new types of knowledge, created archives and historical accounts, and questioned the nature of truth itself. In the process, however, these actors also gradually co-created a lasting new society of orders--one that would solidify in the 1570s with viceroys, bishops, and inquisitors at its apex.

Dramatically recasting a pivotal era in colonial history, The Radical Spanish Empire illuminates how the power of paperwork forever transformed the New World.

Author: Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra,Adrian Masters
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Published: 03/10/2026
Pages: 472
Binding Type: Hardcover
Weight: 1.90lbs
Size: 9.40h x 6.40w x 1.70d
ISBN: 9780674986640

About the Author
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge: - Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra is Alice Drysdale Sheffield Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of How to Write the History of the New World, Puritan Conquistadors, and Nature, Empire, and Nation.Masters, Adrian: - Adrian Masters is Project Leader in the Department of History at Trier University and the author of We, the King: Creating Royal Legislation in the Sixteenth-Century Spanish New World.